QS-21 references

2007

Brando C, Ware LA, Freyberger H et al. Murine immune responses to liver-stage antigen 1 protein FMP011, a malaria vaccine candidate, delivered with adjuvant AS01B or AS02A. Infect Immun 2007;75:838-845.

Girard MP, Reed ZH, Friede M, Kieny MP. A review of human vaccine research and development: malaria. Vaccine 2007;25:1567-1580.

Goepfert PA, Tomaras GD, Horton H et al. Durable HIV-1 antibody and T-cell responses elicited by an adjuvanted multi-protein recombinant vaccine in uninfected human volunteers. Vaccine 2007;25:510-518.

Macete E, Aponte JJ, Guinovart C et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the RTS,S/AS02A candidate malaria vaccine in children aged 1-4 in Mozambique. Trop Med Int Health 2007;12:37-46.

Pattnaik P, Shakri AR, Singh S, Goel S, Mukherjee P, Chitnis CE. Immunogenicity of a recombinant malaria vaccine based on receptor binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175. Vaccine 2007;25:806-813.

2006

Cristillo AD, Wang S, Caskey MS et al. Preclinical evaluation of cellular immune responses elicited by a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost HIV-1 vaccine. Virology 2006;346:151-168.

Dunachie SJ, Walther M, Vuola JM et al. A clinical trial of prime-boost immunisation with the candidate malaria vaccines RTS,S/AS02A and MVA-CS. Vaccine 2006;24:2850-2859.

Kircheis R, Siegl P, Grunt S et al. Immunization of Rhesus monkeys with a SialylTn-mAb17-1A conjugate vaccine co-formulated with QS-21 induces a temporary systemic cytokine release and NK cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006 [e-publication ahead of print].

Kircheis R, Vondru P, Zinocker I et al. Immunization of Rhesus monkeys with the conjugate vaccine IGN402 induces an IgG immune response against carbohydrate and protein antigens, and cancer cells. Vaccine 2006;24:2349-2357.

Pal R, Kalyanaraman VS, Nair BC et al. Immunization of rhesus macaques with a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine elicits protective antibody response against simian human immunodeficiency virus of R5 phenotype. Virology 2006;348:341-353.

Stewart VA, McGrath SM, Walsh DS et al. Pre-clinical evaluation of new adjuvant formulations to improve the immunogenicity of the malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS02A. Vaccine 2006;24:6483-6492.

Stewart VA, Walsh DS, McGrath SM et al. Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in a multi-formulation comparator trial of the anti-falciparum malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2006;24:6493-6502.

Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Coulibaly D et al. Safety and allele-specific immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine in Malian adults: results of a phase I randomized trial. PLoS Clin Trials. Nov 24 2006;1(7):e34 [e-publication ahead of print].

Tsenova L, Harbacheuski R, Moreira AL et al. Evaluation of the Mtb72F polyprotein vaccine in a rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis. Infect Immun 2006;74:2392-2401.

Walsh DS, Gettayacamin M, Leitner WW et al. Heterologous prime-boost immunization in rhesus macaques by two, optimally spaced particle-mediated epidermal deliveries of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-encoding DNA, followed by intramuscular RTS,S/AS02A. Vaccine 2006;24:4167-4178.

Withers MR, McKinney D, Ogutu BR et al. Safety and reactogenicity of an MSP-1 malaria vaccine candidate: a randomized phase Ib dose-escalation trial in Kenyan children. PLoS Clin Trials 2006;1(7):e32 [e-publication ahead of print].

2005

Bisht H., Roberts A, Vogel L et al. Neutralizing antibody and protective immunity to SARS coronavirus infection of mice induced by a soluble recombinant polypeptide containing an N-terminal segment of the spike glycoprotein. Virology 2005;334:160-165.

Bocchia M, Gentile S, Abruzzese E et al. Effect of a p210 multipeptide vaccine associated with imatinib or interferon in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and persistent residual disease: a multicentre observational trial. Lancet 2005;365:657-662.

Bojang K, Olodude F, Pinder M et al. Safety and immunogenicity of RTS,S/AS02A candidate malaria vaccine in Gambian children. Vaccine 2005;23:4148-4157.

Fox NC, Black RS, Gilman S et al. Effects of Ab immunization (AN1792) on MRI measures of cerebral volume in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005;64:1563-1572.

Gilman S, Koller M, Black RS et al. Clinical effects of Ab immunization (AN1792) in patients with AD in an interrupted trial. Neurology 2005;64:1553-1562.

Heppner DG, Jr., Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF et al. Towards an RTS,S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Vaccine 2005;23:2243-2250.

Meraldi V, Romero JF, Kensil C, Corradin G. A strong CD8+ T cell response is elicited using the synthetic polypeptide from the C-terminus of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium berghei together with the adjuvant QS-21: quantitative and phenotypic comparison with the vaccine model of irradiated sporozoites. Vaccine 2005;23:2801-2812.

Warfield KL, Olinger G, Deal EM et al. Induction of humoral and CD8+ T cell responses are required for protection against lethal Ebola virus infection. J Immunol 2005;175:1184-1191.

2004

Alonso PL, Sacarlal J, Aponte JJ et al. Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:1411-1420.

Chapman PB, Wu D, Ragupathi G et al. Sequential immunization of melanoma patients with GD3 ganglioside vaccine and anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody that mimics GD3 ganglioside. Clin Cancer Res 2004:10:4717-4723.

Fan J, Liang X, Horton MS et al. Preclinical study of influenza virus A M2 peptide conjugate vaccines in mice, ferrets, and rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2004;22:2993-3003.

Kensil CR, Mo AX, Truneh A. Current vaccine adjuvants: an overview of a diverse class. Front Biosci 2004;9:2972-2988.

Krug LM, Ragupathi G, Ng KK et al. Vaccination of small cell lung cancer patients with polysialic acid or N-propionylated polysialic acid conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Clin Cancer Res 2004:10:916-923.

2003

Bienzle U, Gunther M, Neuhaus R et al. Immunization with an adjuvant hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease. Hepatology 2003;38:811-819.

Caro MR, Ortega N, Buendia AJ et al. Relationship between the immune response and protection conferred by new designed inactivated vaccines against ovine enzootic abortion in a mouse model. Vaccine 2003;21:3126-3136.

Chen D, Endres R, Maa YF et al. Epidermal powder immunization of mice and monkeys with an influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2003;21:2830-2836.

Gahery-Segard H, Pialoux G, Figueiredo S et al. Long-term specific immune responses induced in humans by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lipopeptide vaccine: characterization of CD8+-T-cell epitopes recognized. J Virol 2003;77:11220-11231.

Hock C, Konietzko U, Streffer JR et al. Antibodies against beta-amyloid slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2003;38:547-554.

Orgogozo JM, Gilman S, Dartigues JF et al. Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Abeta42 immunization. Neurology 2003;61:46-54.

Ragupathi G, Livingston PO, Hood C et al. Consistent antibody response against ganglioside GD2 induced in patients with melanoma by a GD2 lactone-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine plus immunological adjuvant QS-21. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:5214-5220.

2002

Bocchia M. Is there any role left for p210-derived peptide vaccines in chronic myeloid leukemia? Haematologica 2002;87:676-678.

Fouts T, Godfrey K, Bobb K et al. Crosslinked HIV-1 envelope-CD4 receptor complexes elicit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:11842-11847.

Hock C, Konietzko U, Papassotiropoulos A et al. Generation of antibodies specific for beta-amyloid by vaccination of patients with Alzheimer disease. Nature Med 2002;8:1270-1275.

Liu G, Anderson C, Scaltreto H, Barbon J, Kensil CR. QS-21 structure/function studies: effect of acylation on adjuvant activity. Vaccine 2002;20:2808-2815.

Rafi-Janajreh A, Tongren JE, Kensil C et al. Influence of adjuvants in inducing immune responses to different epitopes included in a multiepitope, multivalent, multistage Plasmodium falciparum candidate vaccine (FALVAC-1) in outbred mice. Exp Parasitol 2002;101:3-12.

Schaed SG, Klimek BM, Panageas KS et al. T-cell responses against tyrosinase 368-376(370D) peptide in HLA*A0201+ melanoma patients: randomized trial comparing incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and QS-21 as immunological adjuvants. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:967-972.

2001

Bojang KA, Milligan PJM, Pinder M et al. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS02 malaria vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection in semi-immune adult men in The Gambia: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358:1927-1934.

Boyaka PN, Marinaro M, Jackson RJ et al. Oral QS-21 requires early IL-4 help for induction of mucosal and systemic immunity. J Immunol 2001;166:2283-2290.

Evans TG, McElrath MJ, Matthews T et al. QS-21 promotes an adjuvant effect allowing for reduced antigen dose during HIV-1 envelope subunit immunization in humans. Vaccine 2001;19:2080-2091.

Gilewski T, Ragupathi G, Bhuta S et al. Immunization of metastatic breast cancer patients with a fully synthetic globo H conjugate: a phase I trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:3270-3275.

Waite DC, Jacobson EW, Ennis FA et al. Three double-blind, randomized trials evaluating the safety and tolerance of different formulations of the saponin adjuvant QS-21. Vaccine 2001;19:3957-3967.

2000

Chapman PB, Morrisey D, Panageas KS et al. Vaccination with a bivalent GM2 and GD2 ganglioside conjugate vaccine: a trial comparing doses of GD2-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:4658-4662.

Kensil CR. QS-21 adjuvant. Methods Mol Med 2000;42:259-271.

Lewis JJ, Janetzki S, Schaed S et al. Evaluation of CD8(+) T-cell frequencies by the Elispot assay in healthy individuals and in patients with metastatic melanoma immunized with tyrosinase peptide. Int J Cancer 2000;87:391-398.

Nardin EH, Oliveira GA, Calvo-Calle JM et al. Synthetic malaria peptide vaccine elicits high levels of antibodies in vaccines of defined HLA genotypes. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1486-1496.

1999

Kim SK, Ragupathi G, Musselli C, Choi SJ, Park YS, Livingston PO. Comparison of the effect of different immunological adjuvants on the antibody and T-cell response to immunization with MUC1-KLH and GD3-KLH conjugate cancer vaccines. Vaccine 1999;18:597-603.

McNeal MM, Rae MN, Ward RL. Effects of different adjuvants on rotavirus antibody responses and protection in mice following intramuscular immunization with inactivated rotavirus. Vaccine 1999;17:1573-1580.

Moreno CA, Rodriguez R, Oliveira GA et al. Preclinical evaluation of a synthetic Plasmodium falciparum MAP malaria vaccine in Aotus monkeys and mice. Vaccine 1999;18:89-99.

Wong CP, Okada CY, Levy R. TCR vaccines against T cell lymphoma: QS-21 and IL-12 adjuvants induce a protective CD8+ T cell response. J Immunol 1999;162:2251-2258.

1998

Ivins BE, Pitt ML, Fellows PF et al. Comparative efficacy of experimental anthrax vaccine candidates against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 1998;16:1141-1148.

Kensil CR, Kammer R. QS-21: a water-soluble triterpene glycoside adjuvant. Exp Opin Investig Drugs 1998;7:1475-1482.

Sasaki S, Sumino K, Hamajima K et al. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a DNA vaccine formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant via intramuscular and intranasal routes. J Virol 1998;72:4931-4939.

Before 1998

Britt W, Fay J, Seals J, Kensil C. Formulation of an immunogenic human cytomegalovirus vaccine: responses in mice. J Infect Dis 1995;171:18-25.

Cleland JL, Barron L, Daugherty A et al. Development of a single-shot subunit vaccine for HIV-1. 3. Effect of adjuvant and immunization schedule on the duration of the humoral immune response to recombinant MN gp120. J Pharm Sci 1996;85:1350-1357.

Cleland JL, Kensil CR, Lim A et al. Isomerization and formulation stability of the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. J Pharm Sci 1996;85:22-28.

Coughlin RT, Fattom A, Chu C, White AC, Winston S. Adjuvant activity of QS-21 for experimental E. coli O18 polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine 1995;13:17-21.

Coughlin RT, Fish D, Mather TN, Ma J, Pavia C, Bulger P. Protection of dogs from Lyme disease with a vaccine containing outer surface protein (Osp) A, OspB, and the saponin adjuvant QS-21. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1049-1052.

Hancock GE, Speelman DJ, Frenchick PJ, Mineo-Kuhn MM, Baggs RB, Hahn DJ. Formulation of the purified fusion protein of respiratory syncitial virus with the saponin QS-21 induces protective immune responses in Balb/c mice that are similar to those generated by experimental infection. Vaccine 1995;13:391-400.

Helling F, Zhang S, Shang A et al. GM2-KLH conjugate vaccine: increased immunogenicity in melanoma patients after administration with immunological adjuvant QS-21. Cancer Res 1995;55:2783-2788.

Jacobsen NE, Fairbrother WJ, Kensil CR, Lim A, Wheeler DA, Powell MF. Structure of the saponin adjuvant QS-21 and its base-catalyzed isomerization product by 1H and natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 1996;280:1-14.

Kensil CR. Saponins as vaccine adjuvants. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1996;13:1-55.

Kensil CR, Patel U, Lennick M, Marciani D. Separation and characterization of saponins with adjuvant activity from Quillaja saponaria Molina cortex. J Immunol 1991;146:431-437.

Kensil CR, Wu JY, Soltysik S. Structural and immunological characterization of the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. In: Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Powell MF, Newman MJ (eds). Plenum Press, New York, 1995;525-541.

Livingston PO, Adluri S, Helling F et al. Phase 1 trial of immunological adjuvant QS-21 with a GM2 ganglioside-keyhole limpet haemocyanin conjugate vaccine in patients with malignant melanoma. Vaccine 1994;12:1275-1280.

Newman MJ, Wu JY, Coughlin RT et al. Immunogenicity and toxicity testing of an experimental HIV-1 vaccine in nonhuman primates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8:1413-1418.

Newman MJ, Wu JY, Gardner BH et al. Saponin adjuvant induction of ovalbumin-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Immunol 1992;148:2357-2362.

Soltysik S, Wu JY, Recchia J et al. Structure/function studies of QS-21 adjuvant: assessment of triterpene aldehyde and glucuronic acid roles in adjuvant function. Vaccine 1995;13:1403-1410.

Stoute JA, Slaoui M, Heppner DG et al. A preliminary evaluation of a recombinant circumsporozoite protein vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. RTS,S Malaria Vaccine Evaluation Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:86-91.

Wu JY, Gardner BH, Murphy CI et al. Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. J Immunol 1992;148:1519–1525.